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Charles Taylor's anthropological critique of liberalism
Boudal, Jiří ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee)
The thesis presents Charles Taylor's conception of liberalism where the negative concept of liberty is rooted in a positive moral ideal of authenticity. First of all, both the main motivations which led liberals to defend the pure negative concept of liberty and Taylor's claim that these motivations all depend on the atomistic ontology is examined. Later, this atomistic basis is refuted and Taylor's holistic approach is offered which relies mainly on concepts of the personal identity and of the so called strong evaluation. Following this, concept of authenticity is presented as the implicit ideal of modern identity. Authenticity is interpreted as a pluralistic moral ideal appreciating uniqueness although containing some general moral demands. The thesis also shows that such a concept of authenticity presupposes negative liberty. Finally, some political consequences of such a liberal theory are provided.
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Philosophy of Art and Mass Culture in Thinking of T. W. Adorno, W. Benjamin and H.-G. Gadamer
Horneková, Šárka ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Váša, Ondřej (referee)
The work brings critical and philosophical perspective on the issue of art and mass culture in contemporary society. Relying on H.-G. Gadamer's, T. W. Adorno's and Walter Benjamin's ideas. The work performs a summary of their thoughts, focusing on art as an example of humanities- scientific investigation in the case of H.-G. Gadamer, the criticism of the cultural industry and its vital role in the thinking of T. W Adorno and the issue of technical reproducibility of works of art in a Walter Benjamin's essay. The work focuses on the present social functions of mass culture, its internal structure, on the issue of its quality, taking into account the extent to which this appears to be useful. The main topic was ultimately shown to be a phenomenon of education. Keywords. Philosophical Anthropology, Philosophy of Art, Culture and Society, Mass Culture.
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Self-creation in Nietzsche's Ecce Homo
Mára, Vítězslav ; Chavalka, Jakub (advisor) ; Marek, Jakub (referee)
(EN) In the last of his finished works, Nietzsche presents a special sort of retrospect of his past and, at the same time, prospect of his future. The aim of the thesis is to examine the possibility that Nietzsche attempts to present some of the results of his preceeding inquires in practice and provides readers with a guideline for creation of practical philosophy in accord with their own constitution, being aware of external and internal dangers of the project. By means of an exemplary self-interpretation, Nietzsche demonstrates the process of human self-becoming.
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Capacity for Suicide and its Consequences for the Conception of Human Nature
Janoško, Daniel ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (referee)
Name: Daniel Janoško Title: Capacity for Suicide and its Consequences for the Conception of Human Nature Abstract The aim of the thesis is, first, to analyze the ability to deliberately end one's own life, which, assuming its human exclusivity within the animal kingdom as well as its universality within the human species, should provide a rich source for revealing some already known and some potentially entirely novel aspects of human nature and condition. The capacity for suicide is therefore analysed not from the dominating position of moral philosophy, but rather from the perspective of philosophical anthropology. Based on both the philosophical (Scheler, Heidegger, Landsberg, Jaspers, etc.) and empirical anthropological literature, we attempt to answer the question of human exclusivity of the capacity for suicide. The intention of this analysis is, then, to find the essential aspects of this exclusivity from which practical consequences can be drawn for further philosophical conceptualizations of human nature. The most crucial of these appears to be the awareness of one's finality. A detailed examination of such awareness then reveals other aspects of human nature and condition, such as the specifically human communal way of living, the human's effort to endure, both materially and spiritually, in the...
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The Humanist Virtuoso : Beginnings, Idea and Illustration of Hume's experimental philosophical anthropology in Treatise of Human Nature
Kunca, Tomáš ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Pinc, Zdeněk (referee) ; Zika, Richard (referee)
PhDr. Tomáš Kunca The Humanist Virtuoso: Beginnings, Idea and Illustration of Hume's experimental philosophical anthropology in Treatise of Human Nature UK FHS, Praha 2013 Thesis introduces a concept of "The Humanist Virtuoso" as distinctive feature reflecting Hume's effort to introduce an idea of experimental philosophical anthropology based on study of human nature and manifested in his A Treatise of Human Nature. Concept is justified by three steps, through analysis of the beginnings of Hume's philosophy, explication of his "science of man" idea in Treatise and illustration of this idea in action, as appears in analysis of passions (Book 2). The beginnings of Hume's way to experimental philosophical anthropology are explained thorough interpretation of historical facts connected with his early study at College of Edinburgh. First meetings with culture of science ( both British Christian tradition of experimental philosophy and Newtonian mathematical philosophy) are considered as particularly important. Detailed analysis of pre-Treatise letters (the Letter to Physician and to Michael Ramsey) is provided to make explicit the beginnings of his "science of man" idea, turn to study of human nature. Castration of Treatise is observed and discussed via analysis of his letter to Home (1737). The second...
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Nicholas of Cusa on Human, Intellect and Number
Šenovský, Jakub ; Novák, Aleš (advisor) ; Nejeschleba, Tomáš (referee) ; Karfíková, Lenka (referee)
This thesis deals with the anthropological thinking of Nicholas of Cusa. The first part presents the fundamental metaphysical motifs that are the basis for this anthropology - above all, it concerns the conception of human as a mind (intellect). This conception is linked with the thinking of the first Principle (God) as the unity that is identical with itself. This unity/oneness of the One descends into the world through number that is one and multiple at the same time (all higher numbers consist of ones). The emphasis on unity of the One and on number as a mean of the creation is the reason, why Cusa's main concern, regarding the understanding of the world, aren't individual substances, but the relations between these substances. And for this kind of metaphysical thinking it is really important to develop also a strong notion of human intellect (mind), but the first philosophical texts to some extent fail to do so. The second part of this thesis deals with the proper anthropology that is developed in the dialogues with the idiota. It is shown what is the role of human mind in the dynamics of descent and ascent of unity of the One - it is the human mind and its intellectual return to its Beginning through which is all creation being made one and being brought to its true nature that is the One. The last...
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The gendered Human Being. Gender Difference from the Perspective of Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology
Reinhardt, Charlotte ; Serban, Claudia (advisor) ; Sepp, Hans Rainer (referee)
In The gendered Human Being. Gender Difference from the Perspective of Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology, gender difference in the two-gender model is examined from the perspective of philosophical anthropology. For this purpose, three social constructivist theories of gender difference are brought into conversation with each other under the prism of lived body-body-person. In this way, the work aims to catch a glimpse of the gendered human being in all the spheres that open up their world. Key words: Helmuth Plessner, Philosophical Anthropology, anthropology, gender difference, gender studies, philosophy of the twentieth century, phenomenology, social philosophy, Judith Butler, Doing Gender, theory of interaction, constructivism
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Faust and the role of myth in the philosophy of Czech thinkers: Bratránek, Masaryk, Patočka
Čechová, Tereza ; Marek, Jakub (advisor) ; Chavalka, Jakub (referee)
TITLE: Faust and the role of myth in the philosophy of Czech thinkers: Bratránek, Masaryk, Patočka AUTHOR: Tereza Čechová DEPARTMENT: General Antropology SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Jakub Marek, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The thesis Faust and the role of myth in the philosophy of Czech thinkers: Bratránek, Masaryk, Patočka, deals with the theme of Faust and its role in individual works of the mentioned philosophers. The thesis briefly contains the origin and development of the Faust myth, its most famous literary work, and its appearance on the Czech territory. The main chapters of the thesis are those that are focused on such texts of the mentioned thinkers, who are concerned with the Faustian theme. The resulting analyzes and comparations contribute to the depiction and arrangement of the role of the Faustian myth in Czech philosophy, mainly because of the different approaches, goals and methods of research used in their work by F. T. Bratránek, T. G. Masaryk and Jan Patočka. KEYWORDS: Faust, Myth, Contract with the Devil, Goethe, Czech Philosophy, Philosophy of History, Jan Patočka, F. T. Bratránek, T. G. Masaryk
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